Compared to non-coffee drinkers, light-to-moderate consumption was associated with a 12% lower risk of all-cause death, 17% lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease and 21% lower risk of incident stroke.

She concluded: "Our findings suggest that coffee consumption of up to 3 cups per day is associated with favourable cardiovascular outcomes. While further studies are needed to explain the underlying mechanisms, the observed benefits might be partly explained by positive alterations in cardiac structure and function."

There was also a sub-analysis on the types of mostly consumed coffee. In this, decaffeinated coffee was associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths, but not with a lower incidence of stroke. This suggests that caffeine is not the only component responsible for the health benefits.

Instant coffee was also associated with a lower risk of all-cause death. Ground coffee was linked with reduced risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death and a lower incidence of stroke.

References:

www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Light-to-moderate-coffee-drinking-associated-with-health-benefits

www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210830075619.htm